Robuta

An 1866 oil on canvas, Woman in a Green Dress (aka Camille in a Green Dress), by Claude Monet (1840-1926), the French impressionist painter. This work was...

Illustration of the capitivity of Mary Rowlandson. Published in Our greater country: being a standard history of the United States, 1901 CE. Henry Davenport...

A ceramic figure-vessel representing a priest of the Zapotec civilization. Oaxaca, Mexico, 250-600 CE. The figure wears a mask, feathered headdress, and a...

Mar 4, 2024 - According to legend, Ancient Rome was founded by the two brothers, and demigods, Romulus and Remus, on 21 April 753 BCE. The legend claims that in an...

This short lecture discusses about two of the most famous works of literature in Japanese history, both written by court women during the Heian period...

Elamite Ziggurat located in today's Khuzestan Province in Iran. It was constructed in approximately 1250 BCE in a religious city originally called Dur Untash.

Wallis Simpson (1896 - 1986) photographed in 1934 (approx.). This photograph is most likely by Angelo Laviosa, who was a society photographer in New York. It...

The Roman-built temple of Apollo in the Asclepeion sanctuary of Kos, 2nd century CE.

Library of Oheka Castle, Huntington, Long Island, USA, built by the industrialist Otto Herman Khan (l. 1867-1934) during the Gilded Age of America.

Mongolian dried cheese curd, a traditional dish eaten by Mongol nomadic peoples.

The Kingdom of Kanem (aka Kanim) was an ancient African state located in modern-day Chad, which flourished from the 9th to 14th century CE. With its...

Roman women faced legal, ideological, and cultural limitations in several areas of their lives; deep-rooted traditions regarding the role of women in the...

The God Mercury was one of the Dii Consentes (12 major deities in the Pantheon of ancient Rome; 6 gods and 6 goddesses). Mercury was the god of financial...

A statue of the Egyptian god Sobek, classically depicted with a crocodile head. Limestone. From the Temple of Amenemhet in Hawara, Egypt. Middle Kingdom,...

Flat bone sewing needle found at Gourdan Cave, Haute-Garonne, France. It belongs to the western European Magdalenian culture (c. 17,000 - c. 10,000 years ago...

Aug 2, 2023 - Ancient Greek science is a modern term for the application of systematic inquiry into the individual, the world, and the universe, which began in Ionia in...

The Altartate Cauldron, made of poplar with yew handles, found in a bog near clones, Co. Monaghan, Ireland during turf cutting in 1933, dating to the 2nd...

Alabaster statuette (height: 46 cm), depicting a bearded bald-headed man, most likely a priest/man of a high rank. He clasps his hands in a prayer attitude....

Aug 7, 2023 - The Romans are known for their remarkable engineering feats, be they roads, bridges, tunnels, or their impressive aqueducts. Their constructions, many of...

An example of jousting armour as used in medieval tournaments. Commissioned by Emperor Maximilian I c. 1494 CE. (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)

Torrent Encyclopaedia Britannica

The Early Christian Basilica dating to the beginning of the 5th century CE, Kourion, Cyprus.

Traditional Bhutanese handwoven textiles.

More free lessons at: http://www.khanacademy.org/video?v=XXl5h257iBA Battle of the Lapiths and Centaurs, Parthenon Metopes, south flank, marble, c. 440 B.C.E...

The Mystic massacre took place on May 26, 1637, during the Pequot War, when English settlers under Captain John Mason, and Narragansett and Mohegan allies...

There are multiple pages about 'Antipater' on our website. Here's a list.

There are multiple pages about 'Women' on our website. Here's a list.

The so-called Hyphasis Mutiny was a conflict between Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) and his army following their victory at the river Hydaspes in 326 BCE...

Stone representation of the awakening of Osiris, A 26th Dynasty, Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo.

Pirates in the so-called Golden Age of Piracy (1690-1740) used all manner of weapons to attack ships and relieve them of their precious cargoes. Heavy...

Boothby Pagnell Manor House, Lincolnshire, U.K. Built c. 1200 CE.

This sheet is decorated with an impression of a coin of the Emperor Valens (Flavius Julius Valens Augustus), 364-378 CE. It may have been intended as a curse...

The star is located near the New Gate on the northern part of the walls of Jerusalem.

The Empress Bruttia Crispina, wife of Roman Emperor Commodus, c. 180 CE. (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)

Although the use of glazed tiles and colored paste inlays is known from as early as the Old Kingdom, the apogee of their use came during the New Kingdom. An...

The Viking Age Snaptun stone was carved around 1000 CE and shows a face with stitched-up lips, which reminds of a story preserved in the Prose Edda where the...

A painted limestone bust of Hercules-Melqart. Cyprus, 5th century BCE. The god was an amalgamation of the Greek hero Hercules and the Phoenician god Melqart...

The ruins of the Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome. Completed in 28 BCE, it was the largest tomb ever constructed in the Roman world.

Achilles holding the Amazon Queen Penthesilea, whom he fell in love with at the moment he killed her during the Trojan War. Relief from the side of a...

The Aztec culture, centred at the capital of Tenochtitlan, dominated most of Mesoamerica in the 15th-16th centuries. With military conquest and trade...

There are multiple pages about 'Step Pyramid of Djoser' on our website. Here's a list.

Gideon and His Three Hundred, illustration from a Bible card published by the Providence Lithograph Company, 1907.

At its height in the 13th century CE, Geghard Monastery in what's present-day Armenia benefited from the patronage of Armenian and Georgian princely families...

Acquarossa, located in the north of Italy's Lazio region, is the site of an Etruscan settlement of unknown name. Although much smaller than other, more...

This lithograph of Stela D at Copan was done by Frederick Catherwood and first published in 1844 in his book, Views of Ancient Monuments in Central America,...

Database of Book Reviews on World History Encyclopedia, page 1.

Richard II of England reigned as king from 1377 to 1399 CE. The son of the late Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376 CE), Richard would succeed his grandfather...

Wooden screen depicting the Shinto god Susanoo defeating the dragon with eight heads, 19th century. Susanoo was the god of storms and Yomi, the underworld...

The Achilles Revealed mosaic from Zeugma (southeastern Turkey) depicts Achilles (disguised as a girl) being discovered by Odysseus on Skyros island. The...

This ancient Japanese incense burner has a lion-shaped weight at the end of its handle. It was cast in bronze and dates from the 8th century CE during the...

The Castle of Sasso Corbaro stands elegant 230 meters above Bellinzona, Switzerland towering over the entire city. This location makes Sasso Corbaro a...

The Epic of Gilgamesh is perhaps the most well-known literature on account of its ancient pedigree and universal themes. Though an extensively analyzed epic...

Baku Ateshgah or the Fire Temple of Baku, Azerbaijan.

An 1879 oil on canvas painting, Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando, by Edgar Degas (1834-1917), the French impressionist painter. This circus was close to the...

Originally a small town on the banks of the Tiber River, Rome grew in size and strength through trade. The location of the city provided merchants with an...

A 9th century CE illustration of the hunter Orion from Greek mythology superimposed on the constellation named after him.

A class in session. The potbellied teacher is being fanned by a servant girl while he gives the lessons. His students surround him; one has a satchel across...

This basalt wall relief depicts four people playing on musical instruments. From Sam'al (modern-day Sinjerli, Gaziantep, Turkey). Late Hittite period, 8th...

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A c. 1537 CE painting by Hans Holbein the Younger of Jane Seymour, third wife of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE). (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)

The Council of the Indies (El Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias) operated from 1524 to 1834 and was the supreme governing body of the Spanish Empire in...

The medieval Tatev Monastery in present-day Armenia is one of the country's "architectural gems." It was first constructed in the 9th century CE.

Chogha Zanbil, Dur Untash in Elamite language, is an ancient Elamite complex in Khuzestan province of Iran. It is one of the few existing ziggurats outside...

Greenland was drawn into the Viking Age and settled by Norse Vikings in the late 980s CE, their presence there lasting into the 15th century CE. Despite its...

New Kalabsha is a promontory located near the western end of the High Dam a few kilometres south of Aswan. It houses several temples and other structures...

Heracles depiction of Vajrapani as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd century AD Gandhara, British Museum.

Enheduanna (2285-2250 BCE) is the world's first author and was the daughter (either literally or figuratively) of the great empire-builder Sargon of Akkad...

Dec 9, 2025 - The first tunnels in the Mediterranean were built to transport water from distant springs and mountains to arid areas and cities. They also ensured the...

This leaf wreath antefix shows the head of Achelous. Achelous was the god of water and rivers of the whole world. Clay. From Curti, near Capua, Italy....

A model of Shionjiyama kofun in Yao, Osaka, Japan. 3rd-7th century CE.

Sath Graha or Seven Temples in the background with ruins of the Buddhist era stupa in the fore. The Temples date to the Hindu Shahi period (615-950 CE) and...

Fort Gaines on Dauphin Island, Alabama, USA. After the escaped slave Wallace Turnage found freedom at the Union Fort Powell, he was taken to nearby Fort...

A 16th century CE painting by Domenico Tintoretto depicting the Venetians attacking the sea walls of Constantinople in 1204 CE during the Fourth Crusade.

Ashoka's pillar erected in the district of Vaishali, located in the Bihar state, India. This is one of the nineteen surviving columns erected or at least...

The War of the Third Coalition (1805-1806) was a major European conflict during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It was fought by an alliance of nations that...

A mid-19th century illustration showing the Sikh commander Raja Lal Singh (d. 1866) who fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-6) against the British East...

A marble head of a centaur, 1st century CE. Found in Rome near Piazza Vittorio Emmanuele. (Capitoline Museums, Rome)

A statue of the Anglo-American philosopher Thomas Paine (1737-1809). Located in Paine's hometown of Thetford in Norfolk, England.

A Nazca geoglyph depicting a human figure. The designs and lines created on the desert floor of southern Peru are known collectively as the 'Nazca Lines' and...

Protagoras of Abdera (l. c. 485-415 BCE) is considered the greatest of the Sophists of ancient Greece and the first philosopher in the West to promote...

A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing the capture of David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371 CE) at the battle of Neville's Cross by English forces....

King Bimbisara (c. 545/544 BCE - c. 493/492 BCE) offers food to the Bodhisattva at Borobudur.

Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) was a German composer of Romantic music best known for his symphonies, overtures, concertos, piano pieces, and songs. Amongst...

The Vandals were a Germanic tribe who are first mentioned in Roman history in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder (77 CE). The Roman historian Tacitus...

This is a marble bust of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (reigned 138-161 CE). The Emperor wears military dress. This image of Antoninus Pius was created in...

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Decius (r. 249-251 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary...

A portrait bust of Vespasian, from Ostia, 69-79 CE. (Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome)

Paul Rahe, professor of history at Hillsdale College, has authored six volumes on ancient and modern republicanism and another three on ancient Lacedaemon...

The air pump commissioned by Robert Boyle (1627-1691) and built by Robert Hooke (1635-1703). The instrument was unique in that it allowed specimens to be...

The Marian Reforms were a set of the reforms introduced to the Roman army in the late 2nd century BCE by Roman general and politician Gaius Marius (157-86...

Mar 30, 2023 - Aqueducts transport water from one place to another, achieving a regular and controlled supply to a place that would not otherwise receive sufficient...

This offering stand has a hollow trunk with two long vertical slots at the sides. There is an incised decoration around the stem, typical of Sumerian art;...

The Battle of Dunbar was a battle of the Third English Civil War. The English Parliamentarian forces under Oliver Cromwell defeated a Scottish army commanded...

Maximinius Thrax ruled briefly as the Roman emperor from 235 CE to his death in 238 CE. The young Roman Emperor {Alexander Severus} secured the imperial...

A silver decadrachm from Syracuse. Arethousa with dolphins, c. 400 BCE. (Numismatics Museum, Athens)

English medieval knights wore metal armour of iron or steel to protect themselves from archers and the long swords of opponents. From the 9th century CE,...

Representation of the Germanic god Ullr (Ull), a figure in Norse mythology, with a bow and skis. From an 18th Century Icelandic manuscript. Collection of the...

Many Greek coins showed images of local products. Cyrene was famous for the export of the now-extinct silphium plant. Silver tetradrachm coin. From Cyrene,...

A ceramic vessel in the form of a standing figure. Nazca, Peru, c. 100-300 CE. The figure has face paint as worn in Nazca harvest rituals. In his right hand...

Hephaistos (Hephaestus) was the ancient Greek god of fire, metallurgy, and crafts. He was the brilliant blacksmith of the Olympian gods, for whom he...