Robuta

Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with excellent absorption and tissue penetration that is used for several bacterial infections as well as treatment of...

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the...

Osteoporosis (translating to 'porous bones' from the Greek words Osteon and Poros) is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) with a propensity for...

Dihydromyricetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in the many plant species and is thought to be the active ingredient of several traditional Japanese,...

Dexamethasone has a wide variety of uses in the medical field. As a treatment, dexamethasone has been useful in treating acute exacerbation of multiple...

Obesity has tripled globally since 1975. Excess body weight and obesity leads to increased joint loading, which stresses the articular cartilage beyond its...

The human eye is filled with 2 fluid-like substances, termed humors, which maintain the ocular pressure and shape of the eyeball. Aqueous humor is a water-like...

Promethazine is a medication used to manage and treat allergic conditions, nausea and vomiting, motion sickness, and sedation. Promethazine also has off-label...

Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analogue and reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with other agents for treatment and prevention of human...

As in the first edition, The Cell is focused on the molecular biology of cells as a unifying theme, with specialized topics discussed throughout the book as...

Cervical insufficiency is a condition in which the cervix painlessly dilates during the second or early third trimester due to a functional or structural...

In acute care settings, nurses frequently administer medications via the intravenous (IV) route. Medications may be administered through a primary line that is...

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) encompasses clinically significant somatic and psychological manifestations during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, leading...

In recent years, several high-profile police incidents have resulted in law enforcement and civilian injury, prompting the development of tactical emergency...

Orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin) is an anti-obesity medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This medication is a saturated derivative...

Chlordiazepoxide belongs to the category of long-acting benzodiazepines and is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the management of...

Acute bronchitis, a prevalent respiratory infection, is a significant medical concern, particularly among adult patients. This condition involves the lower...

Diabetes mellitus is a common and debilitating disease that affects a variety of organs including the skin. Between thirty and seventy percent of patients with...

Ixekizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody to interleukin-17A which acts as an antiinflammatory agent and is used to treat moderate-to-severe plaque...

The Koebner phenomenon (KP), first described in 1876 by Heinrich Koebner, is the appearance of new skin lesions on previously unaffected skin secondary to...

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a disorder associated with severe behavioral health symptoms. DID was previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder...

Delavirdine is a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with other agents in the therapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...

Dr. Kirkaldy-Willis first conceptualized and published theories regarding the Biomechanics and Biology of the Spinal Degenerative Cascade. He defined the HVLA...

The hypothalamus is the region in the ventral brain which coordinates the endocrine system. It receives many signals from various regions of the brain and in...

Bacteria are classified and identified to distinguish one organism from another and to group similar organisms by criteria of interest to microbiologists or...

As stated in Chapter 1, caffeine is the most widely used central nervous system (CNS) stimulant in the world. It has numerous pharmacological and physiological...

Meniere disease (MD) is a disorder of the inner ear characterized by hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. In most cases, it is slowly progressive and...

As used in this discussion, substance abuse refers to excessive use of a drug in a way that is detrimental to self, society, or both. This definition includes...

Aztreonam is a parenterally administered, synthetic monobactam antibiotic that is specifically active against aerobic gram-negative bacilli is resistant to...

Nocardiosis is a disease affecting different organs of the body. It is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia, which is a gram-positive bacillus with a...

Mechanosensitivity, i.e. the specific response to mechanical stimulation, is common to a wide variety of cells in many different organisms ranging from...

Healthcare in the United States is primarily based on diagnosing and treating the disease. Consider several of the most prominent medical advances of the past...

Diet and exercise strategies to lose weight abound. People attempting to lose weight must achieve a net caloric deficit to succeed. After an often steady and...

Stress ulcers are stress-induced gastritis or gastropathy where the gastric and sometimes esophageal or duodenal mucosal barrier is disrupted secondary to a...

Polyneuropathies are dysfunction in multiple nerves and divided into 2 broad categories: axonal or demyelinating. Axonal neuropathies cause symptoms related to...

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is a component of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is characterized by damage to regions of the brain, most commonly...

Crop improvement, the engineering of plants for the benefit of humanity, is as old as agriculture itself. Some 10,000 years ago, primitive people made the...

The lymphatic system consists of initial capillaries, collecting vessels, trunks, and lymph nodes that transport lymph, a fluid rich in proteins, immune cells,...

Not only are the genomes of most eukaryotes much more complex than those of prokaryotes, but the DNA of eukaryotic cells is also organized differently from...

The corticosteroids are a group of chemically related natural hormones and synthetic agents that resemble the human adrenal hormone cortisol and have potent...

Vulvovaginitis, or inflammation of the vulva and vagina, most commonly occurs in reproductive-aged women and is caused by several underlying etiologies....

Effective communication in all its forms is a fundamental aspect of today's maternity services. The overall aim of caring for women during labour and birth is...

Bone fracture healing: is an intricate and fluent regenerative process that aims at restoring the damaged bone to its pre-injury state and cellular...

Psychotropic medications are medications that affect the mind, emotions, and behavior. This chapter will review the anatomy and physiology of the central...

Constipation is a symptom or condition characterized by difficult and infrequent bowel movements, typically 3 or fewer times a week. It is one of the most...

Hydrocodone is a potent analgesic commonly prescribed for moderate-to-severe pain management in postoperative settings, trauma patients, and individuals with...

Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells. B cells are instructed by specific immunogens, for example, bacterial proteins,...

Fostemsavir is a unique antiretroviral agent that binds to an envelope antigen of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inhibiting its attachment to cell...

Chemical peeling, or chemical exfoliation, involves applying a chemical substance to the skin, intentionally causing controlled epidermal damage with or...

Minoxidil is an antihypertensive agent that is used largely for patients with severe and refractory hypertension not responding to conventional therapies....

The lymphatic system is an important and often underappreciated component of the circulatory, immune, and metabolic systems. It is composed of lymphatic fluid,...

The most anterior region of the head is the face. The human face is a unique aspect of each individual. The face contains many structures that contribute to...

Breast augmentation is a surgical procedure where fat transfer, breast implants (saline or silicone), or both are used within the native breast to increase...