https://aeon.co/essays/what-can-we-do-to-save-the-universe-from-certain-death
It is only a matter of time before our Universe goes black, cold and dies. Must this be the end of the road for life?
saveuniversecertain
https://aeon.co/essays/life-on-earth-emerged-fast-far-quicker-than-we-thought
Oct 6, 2025 - It’s time to rethink how we study life’s origins. It emerged far earlier, and far quicker, than we once thought possible
lifeearthfastfarquicker
https://aeon.co/essays/cheerfulness-cannot-be-compulsory-whatever-the-t-shirts-say?utm_source=nextdraft&utm_medium=website
Practising the Greek virtues of wisdom and courage is one thing. But being cheerful the American way borders on psychosis
cheerfulnesscannotcompulsorywhatevershirts
https://aeon.co/essays/should-we-be-suspicious-of-the-anthropocene-idea
Jun 14, 2024 - The Anthropocene idea has been embraced by Earth scientists and English professors alike. But how useful is it?
aeon essayssuspiciousanthropoceneidea
https://aeon.co/essays/how-disney-took-to-subverting-its-own-romantic-ideals
In a strangely unremarked-upon twist, Disney films have taken to subverting romance and rethinking the happy-ever-afters
disneytooksubvertingromanticideals
https://aeon.co/essays/virtual-medicine-and-the-ethics-of-presence-and-absence
For over a century telemedicine has promised healthcare for all. But will it ever replace seeing a human being in person?
virtualmedicineethicspresenceabsence
https://aeon.co/essays/we-are-not-edging-up-to-a-mass-extinction
Sep 6, 2024 - The idea that we are edging up to a mass extinction is not just wrong – it’s a recipe for panic and paralysis
mass extinctionedgingaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/to-know-ourselves-we-must-first-know-the-neanderthals?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=649f5da8c2-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_05_11_02_18&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-649f5da8c2-70887427
Handprints on a cave wall, crumbs from a meal: the new science of Neanderthals radically recasts the meaning of humanity
knowmustfirstneanderthalsaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/dogs-are-symbolic-containers-of-human-hopes-desires-and-vices
In all its baroque and sometimes cruelly overbred forms, the dog is a paramount symbol of both human hopes and foibles
dogssymboliccontainershumanhopes
https://aeon.co/essays/what-can-positive-thinking-do-for-a-cancer-patient
Warren met his cancer diagnosis with tenacious optimism. But can positive thinking really affect the course of the disease?
positive thinkingcancer patientaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/an-ant-is-drowning-heres-how-to-decide-if-you-should-save-it
Nov 10, 2025 - Should we simply assume that all animals can feel pain and are of moral concern? Or is that taking things too far?
antdrowningdecide
https://aeon.co/essays/what-is-the-difference-between-good-and-bad-political-rhetoric
Plato said we ought to be suspicious of persuasive speakers and the appeal to emotions. But rhetoric can be a civic good
political rhetoricdifferencegoodbad
https://aeon.co/essays/science-is-not-the-only-form-of-knowledge-but-it-is-the-best
Science is not the only form of knowledge but it is the best, being the most successful epistemic enterprise in history
scienceformknowledge
https://aeon.co/essays/the-tradeoffs-of-savanna-restoration-in-a-tree-crazed-world
Massive tree-planting programmes have come to substitute for the tradeoffs and complexity of restoring real ecosystems
tradeoffssavannarestorationtreecrazed
https://aeon.co/essays/how-attachment-theory-works-in-the-therapeutic-relationship?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=70088ff60d-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_12_16_04_53&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-70088ff60d-68758089
Why therapy works is still up for debate. But, when it does, its methods mimic the attachment dynamics of good parenting
attachment theorytherapeutic relationshipaeon essaysworks
https://aeon.co/essays/who-could-dogs-become-without-humans-in-their-lives?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&:utm_campaign=a89c9bf923-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2021_11_01_01_09&:utm_medium=email&:utm_term=0_411a82e59d-a89c9bf923-72327916
If humans were to disappear from the face of the Earth, what might dogs become? And would they be better off without us?
coulddogsbecomewithouthumans
https://aeon.co/essays/declared-dead-last-year-the-anthropocene-is-very-much-alive
Nov 6, 2025 - As a scientific concept the Anthropocene is dead. But it’s such a helpful idea to think with, should we use it anyway?
declared deadlast yearanthropocenemuchalive
https://aeon.co/essays/can-you-enjoy-romance-fiction-and-be-a-feminist
Readers of romance fiction enjoy tales of alpha males and forced seduction. Could they still be considered feminists?
romance fictionenjoyfeministaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/what-shaped-e-p-thompson-historian-and-champion-of-working-people
What shaped the thought of E P Thompson, the great historian of ordinary working people and champion of their significance?
e p thompsonshapedhistorianchampionworking
https://aeon.co/essays/i-feel-therefore-i-am-on-holiday-with-my-ape-cousins
The more we learn about the emotions shared by all mammals, the more we must rethink our own human intelligence
feelthereforeholidayape
https://aeon.co/essays/is-rushing-to-declare-the-anthropocene-also-human-error
Jun 26, 2024 - In the race for geology’s highest accolade – a ‘golden spike’ – do advocates of the Anthropocene sell their ideas short?
human errorrushingdeclareanthropocenealso
https://aeon.co/essays/what-role-for-revenge-in-jewish-life-literature-and-culture
What might a people, subjected to unspeakable historical suffering, think about the ethics of vengeance once in power?
jewish liferolerevengeliteratureculture
https://aeon.co/essays/more-than-having-options-freedom-is-being-true-to-yourself?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=13d77d2bca-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_04_01_40&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-13d77d2bca-69135137
More than false choices and options, the highest freedom lies in being true to oneself and defying the expectations of others
optionsfreedomtrue
https://aeon.co/essays/curtailing-anonymity-is-a-first-step-to-reducing-online-abuse?ref=onemanandhisblog.com
Anonymous users generate most toxic abuse and conspiracy theories online. The right to be anonymous should be curtailed
first steponline abuseanonymityreducing
https://aeon.co/essays/how-many-of-us-would-opt-out-of-food-if-given-the-chance
It takes time to plan a meal, to say nothing of cooking and eating it. What if we could opt out of food altogether?
manyuswouldoptfood
https://aeon.co/essays/what-can-slime-mould-teach-us-about-biological-memory
Oct 6, 2025 - Certain slime moulds can make decisions, solve mazes and remember things. What can we learn from the blob?
slime mouldteach usbiologicalmemoryaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/can-live-action-role-play-games-bring-about-social-change
Live-action role-play is venturing into some weighty social topics. Can make-believe really show us possible worlds?
role play gameslive actionsocial changebring
https://aeon.co/essays/the-poor-might-have-always-been-with-us-but-charity-has-not
Greco-Roman gods had no interest in the poor nor was organised charity a religious duty. How was Christianity different?
poormightalwaysuscharity
https://aeon.co/essays/restoring-respect-is-the-first-step-towards-a-better-society
Economic inequality is an urgent problem. Deeper still is our loss of mutual respect, the foundation of a fair society
first stepbetter societyrestoringrespecttowards
https://aeon.co/essays/magical-thinking-still-haunts-all-our-thoughts
How magical thinking haunts our everyday language, and fossilised ideas live on in even the most sophisticated science
magical thinkingaeon essaysstillhauntsthoughts
https://aeon.co/essays/the-warped-world-of-marriage-advice-before-feminism
Advice columns from decades past provide a chilling glimpse into the horrors of marriage counselling before feminism
marriage adviceaeon essayswarpedworldfeminism
https://aeon.co/essays/the-cycling-of-phosphorus-is-the-basis-for-all-life-on-earth
Nov 20, 2025 - This life-giving element, stored in rock and organic material, moves around Earth in an ancient cycle we have just broken
cyclingphosphorusbasislife
https://aeon.co/essays/why-does-sadness-inspire-great-art-when-happiness-cannot?ref=hyperallergic.com
Sadness makes us seem nobler, more elegant, more adult. Which is pretty weird, when you think about it
great artsadnessinspirehappinesscannot
https://aeon.co/essays/how-is-it-possible-to-be-loved-and-yet-to-feel-deeply-lonely?
You might have the unconditional love of family and friends and yet feel deep loneliness. Can philosophy explain why?
possiblelovedyet
https://aeon.co/essays/how-alan-watts-re-imagined-religion-desire-and-life-itself
Alan Watts, for all his faults, was a wildly imaginative and provocative thinker who reimagined religion in a secular age
alan wattsimaginedreligiondesirelife
https://aeon.co/essays/what-duelling-can-teach-us-about-taking-offence?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=1c88867772-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2018_10_15_12_40&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-1c88867772-70530509
Quarrels over honour in duelling cultures can enlighten us today and demonstrate why some insults are intolerable
teach usaeon essaysduellingtakingoffence
https://aeon.co/essays/what-nietzsche-learnt-from-diogenes-the-cynic
How Friedrich Nietzsche used ideas from the Ancient Cynics to explore the death of God and the nature of morality
aeon essaysnietzschelearntdiogenescynic
https://aeon.co/essays/enter-the-sapiezoic-a-new-aeon-of-self-aware-global-change
Jun 11, 2024 - Humans have been altering Earth for millennia, but only now are we wise to what we’re doing. How will we use that wisdom?
new aeonself awareenterglobal
https://aeon.co/essays/the-life-and-possible-death-of-the-great-asian-monsoon
The imperious monsoon rains have ruled India for centuries. Already unstable, what happens if they shift fundamentally?
asian monsoonlifepossibledeathgreat
https://aeon.co/essays/can-algorithms-create-true-art-or-do-they-only-imitate
Artistic success takes a mysterious mix of talent, luck and timing. But could algorithms now predict and produce the hits?
algorithmscreatetrueartimitate
https://aeon.co/essays/victorian-diary-writers-kicked-off-our-age-of-self-optimisation
Nov 17, 2025 - Our cursed age of self-monitoring and optimisation didn’t start with big tech: as so often, the Victorians are to blame
victoriandiarywriterskickedage
https://aeon.co/essays/what-will-our-descendants-judge-as-our-greatest-sin
In 2115, when our descendants look back at our society, what will they condemn as our greatest moral failing?
descendantsjudgegreatestsinaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/when-words-are-not-enough-gestures-or-images-can-say-more
Human communication is a glorious chaos. And images, from art to emojis, sometimes say it so much better than language can
wordsenoughgesturesimagessay
https://aeon.co/essays/what-if-your-consciousness-is-an-illusion-created-by-your-brain?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=atom-feed
Phenomenal consciousness is a fiction written by our brains to help us track the impact that the world makes on us
consciousnessillusioncreated
https://aeon.co/essays/your-brain-does-not-process-information-and-it-is-not-a-computer?ref=routine-chaos.com
Your brain does not process information, retrieve knowledge or store memories. In short: your brain is not a computer
brainprocessinformation
https://aeon.co/essays/when-ais-do-science-it-will-be-strange-and-incomprehensible?ref=thedigitalspeaker.com
When AI takes over the practice of science we will likely find the results strange and incomprehensible. Should we worry?
aissciencestrangeincomprehensible
https://aeon.co/essays/before-minecraft-or-snapchat-there-was-micromuse?utm_source=Robin_Sloan_sent_me
Aug 3, 2020 - As kids, we make secret worlds – in trees, in our imaginations, even online – but can we go back to them when we’re grown?
aeon essaysminecraftsnapchatmicromuse
https://aeon.co/essays/welcome-to-earth-2200-ad-pop-500-million-temp-180-f
Aug 3, 2020 - Climate change has done its worst, and now just 500 million humans remain on lifeboats in the north. How do they survive?
welcomeearthadpopmillion
https://aeon.co/essays/the-evidence-is-in-there-is-no-language-instinct?ref=thebrowser.com
For decades, the idea of a language instinct has dominated linguistics. It is simple, powerful and completely wrong
language instinctevidenceaeon
https://aeon.co/essays/catastrophe-drives-evolution-but-life-resides-in-the-pauses?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=dd77578caa-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_08_13_07_27&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-dd77578caa-70422349
Evolution is extraordinarily creative in the wake of a cataclysm. How does life keep steadily ticking over in between?
catastrophedrivesevolutionlifepauses
https://aeon.co/essays/treasure-your-friends-the-top-of-your-love-hierarchy
Sure, lovers and children are great. But friends are more than ever the heart of happiness, of family and of love itself
treasurefriendstoplovehierarchy
https://aeon.co/essays/how-stalin-enlisted-the-orthodox-church-to-help-control-ukraine?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=3e66821e63-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2023_03_09_03_12&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-3e66821e63-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D
Stalin presented Orthodox leaders with a proposal: the Soviet state that had destroyed their Church would bring it back
orthodox churchstalinenlistedhelpcontrol
https://aeon.co/essays/the-self-does-exist-and-is-amenable-to-scientific-investigation
Contrary to recent opinion, there is such a thing as the self, and it is empirically amenable to scientific investigation
scientific investigationselfexistamenable
https://aeon.co/essays/first-contact-what-if-we-find-not-organic-life-but-ets-ai
Apr 8, 2021 - After centuries searching for extraterrestrial life, we might find that first contact is not with organic creatures at all
organic lifefirstfind
https://aeon.co/essays/if-that-was-the-end-of-the-world-what-s-coming-up-next
Oct 1, 2021 - We’re still here, which means we have a vacancy for an apocalypse scenario. The one we choose could be revealing
endworldcoming
https://aeon.co/essays/the-left-is-now-too-weak-for-democracy-to-survive
Governments now answer to business, not voters. Mainstream parties grow ever harder to distinguish. Is democracy dead?
leftweakdemocracysurvive
https://aeon.co/essays/pragmatism-is-one-of-the-most-successful-idioms-in-philosophy
Pragmatism was not eclipsed after Dewey: it has been a constant and dominant force in philosophy for nearly 100 years
pragmatismonesuccessfulidiomsphilosophy
https://aeon.co/essays/politics-is-in-peril-if-it-ignores-how-humans-regulate-the-body?utm_medium=feed&utm_source=feedburner&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+AeonMagazineEssays+%28Aeon+Magazine+Essays%29
In an age thick with anger and fear, we might dream of a purely rational politics but it would be a denial of our humanity
politicsperilignoreshumansregulate
https://aeon.co/essays/engineering-human-fat-to-heal-hearts-and-joints
Human fat cells can be used to regenerate damaged hearts and ageing joints. So should we start piling on the pounds?
human fataeon essaysengineeringhealhearts
https://aeon.co/essays/heidegger-v-carnap-how-logic-took-issue-with-metaphysics
Does philosophy reside in the unsayable or should it care only for precision? Carnap, Heidegger and the great divergence
heideggervcarnaplogictook
https://aeon.co/essays/how-real-magic-happens-when-the-brain-sees-hidden-things
Seeing things that are hidden; failing to see things in plain sight. How magic exploits the everyday weirdness of perception
real magichidden thingshappensbrainsees
https://aeon.co/essays/the-hidden-costs-of-masking-for-women-with-adhd-and-autism
Nov 14, 2025 - People with ADHD and autism have to mask their instincts if they want to be included. But the strain exacts a very high price
hidden costsmaskingwomenadhd
https://aeon.co/essays/can-ai-tell-us-anything-meaningful-about-bob-dylans-songs
Nov 7, 2025 - Generative AI sheds new light on the underlying engines of metaphor, mood and reinvention in six decades of songs
tell usaianythingmeaningfulbob
https://aeon.co/essays/the-sovereign-individual-and-the-paradox-of-the-digital-age
Oct 6, 2025 - Data has created a new and paradoxical social order: the promise of emancipation is made possible by classifying everything
sovereign individualdigital ageparadox
https://aeon.co/essays/why-liberals-fear-mongering-about-trump-should-read-hobbes
Liberals have forgotten that in order for our lives not to be nasty, brutish and short, we need stability. Enter Hobbes
fear mongeringliberalstrumpreadhobbes
https://aeon.co/essays/dolphin-intelligence-and-humanitys-cosmic-future
Aug 9, 2024 - The search for dolphin intelligence and the quest for alien life have moved in historical lockstep. What does the future hold?
dolphin intelligenceaeon essayscosmicfuture
https://aeon.co/essays/why-stoicism-is-one-of-the-best-mind-hacks-ever-devised?utm_source=TheAtlantic&utm_campaign=Week1-TheAtlantic-Swap&utm_medium=social
As legions of warriors and prisoners can attest, Stoicism is not grim resolve but a way to wrest happiness from adversity
mind hacksstoicismonebestever
https://aeon.co/essays/why-is-the-language-of-transhumanists-and-religion-so-similar
Apr 29, 2025 - The most avid believers in artificial intelligence are aggressively secular – yet their language is eerily religious. Why?
languagetranshumanistsreligionsimilar
https://aeon.co/essays/a-mathematician-a-philosopher-and-a-gambler-walk-into-a-bar
If philosophers and mathematicians struggle with probability, can gamblers really hope to grasp their losing game?
mathematicianphilosophergamblerwalk
https://aeon.co/essays/what-makes-a-better-world-lab-grown-meat-or-humane-farming
Which world would be better: one in which all meat is grown in a lab or one which still contains humanely farmed animals?
lab grown meatbetter worldmakeshumane
https://aeon.co/essays/what-passes-from-one-generation-to-the-next-is-not-only-genetic
Each new generation learns from its elders. But familial voices now compete for influence with a chorus of urgent others
passesonegenerationnext
https://aeon.co/essays/what-the-p-factor-says-about-the-root-of-all-mental-illness
The p-factor is the dark matter of psychiatry: an invisible, unifying force that might lie behind a multitude of mental disorders
p factorsaysroot
https://aeon.co/essays/what-exactly-does-it-mean-to-say-a-state-has-a-right-to-exist
Since states are founded on violence and expulsion, their existence is always bound up in thorny questions about justice
exactlymeansaystate
https://aeon.co/essays/is-success-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder-or-an-inner-feeling
Who should we admire more: the Michelin-starred chef with his teams and glamour, or the unsung but brilliant cook?
successeyebeholder
https://aeon.co/essays/materialism-alone-cannot-explain-the-riddle-of-consciousness?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=5758f4cff2-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_12_18&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-5758f4cff2-69491777
The closer you look, the more the materialist position in physics appears to rest on shaky metaphysical ground
aeon essaysmaterialismalonecannotexplain
https://aeon.co/essays/in-times-of-crisis-the-arts-are-weapons-for-the-soul?ref=letters.arijitdg.net
A violinist plays in a concentration camp. A refugee carries a book of poetry. Art sustains us when survival is uncertain
timescrisisartsweapons
https://aeon.co/essays/how-the-human-brain-is-like-a-murmuration-of-starlings
The brain is much less like a machine than it is like the murmurations of a flock of starlings or an orchestral symphony
human brainlikemurmurationstarlings
https://aeon.co/essays/is-the-rooster-with-its-thuggish-ways-a-domestic-animal
The thugs of the barnyard, roosters were bred to fight and strut. Does our highly tamed world have room for them any more?
domestic animalroosterthuggishways
https://aeon.co/essays/communism-failed-what-about-the-ideal-of-global-humanity
Socialism is dead, and the transhuman future looms. Is there any way to recover a sense of global purpose?
communismfailedidealglobalhumanity
https://aeon.co/essays/how-the-internet-flips-elections-and-alters-our-thoughts
The internet has spawned subtle forms of influence that can flip elections and manipulate everything we say, think and do
internetflipselectionsaltersthoughts
https://aeon.co/essays/the-idea-of-unifying-islam-is-a-recent-invention-and-a-bad-one
Even the pilgrimage to Mecca exposes the myth of a united Islam and the formative power of the wider world
ideaislamrecentinvention
https://aeon.co/essays/the-school-that-was-a-ray-of-light-in-apartheid-south-africa
The progressive and remarkably innovative Woodmead School briefly flourished amid the viciousness of apartheid South Africa
schoolraylightapartheid
https://aeon.co/essays/for-over-a-century-telepathy-has-been-just-around-the-corner
Jun 14, 2024 - For the entire 20th century, it had felt like telepathy was just around the corner. Why is that especially true now?
centurytelepathyaround
https://aeon.co/essays/why-an-abundance-of-choice-is-not-the-same-as-freedom
Dec 10, 2025 - It’s only in recent history that freedom has come to mean having a huge array of choices in life. Did we take a wrong turn?
abundancechoice
https://aeon.co/essays/the-indigenous-faith-that-reveres-its-own-alphabet-as-sacred
Oct 17, 2024 - Pau Cin Hau dreamt of an alphabet for a language that had never been written down. So began the religion of Laipianism
indigenousfaithreveresalphabetsacred
https://aeon.co/essays/what-ambedkar-learned-from-dewey-and-brought-to-india?fbclid=IwAR11B5wtRMdzo5zbET_RyE2Aq9Jrqay7qrUtDl4ZpvOm6m1atKwsPnN8Ugo
Ambedkar was not only a politician, but a profound thinker whose philosophy of democracy challenged the caste system
ambedkarlearneddeweybroughtindia
https://aeon.co/essays/is-the-sound-of-silence-the-end-of-the-self
We yearn for silence, yet the less sound there is, the more our thoughts deafen us. How can we still the noise within?
soundsilenceendself
https://aeon.co/essays/happy-birthday-kierkegaard-we-need-you-now
He is the dramatic thunderstorm at the heart of philosophy and his provocation is more valuable than ever
happy birthdayaeon essayskierkegaardneed
https://aeon.co/essays/the-human-world-is-not-more-fragile-now-it-always-has-been
Apr 8, 2021 - Humanity is more technologically powerful than ever before, and yet we feel ourselves to be increasingly fragile. Why?
human worldfragilealways
https://aeon.co/essays/todays-complex-climate-models-arent-equivalent-to-reality
Nov 11, 2025 - The immense complexity of the climate makes it impossible to model accurately. Instead we must use uncertainty to our advantage
climate modelsaeon essayscomplexequivalentreality
https://aeon.co/essays/dystonia-plagues-musicians-and-has-no-easy-remedies
One day, my hand stopped speaking to my brain. As a doctor and flute player, I had to understand this strange affliction
aeon essaysdystoniaplaguesmusicianseasy
https://aeon.co/essays/how-the-sound-of-silence-rejuvenates-the-soul
City life is a constant, maddening hum. Only in a place like the Sahara can we hear the nothingness that revives
aeon essayssoundsilencesoul
https://aeon.co/essays/the-earthquakes-that-shook-mexico-citys-sense-of-time?src=longreads
Jan 29, 2026 - Three earthquakes hit Mexico City on the same date in 1985, 2017 and 2022. The coincidence left the city stranded in time
earthquakesshookmexicosensetime
https://aeon.co/essays/why-american-revolutionaries-admired-the-rebels-of-mysore
If the sultan of Mysore had had a bit more luck, George Washington might be known as the Haider Ali of North America
american revolutionariesaeon essaysrebelsmysore
https://aeon.co/essays/why-you-need-your-whole-body-from-head-to-toes-to-think
Nov 27, 2025 - Contemplating the world requires a body, and a body requires an immune system: the rungs of life create the stuff of thought
whole bodyneedhead
https://aeon.co/essays/why-are-we-losing-the-wayfinding-skills-of-our-ancestors?utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=PRELAUNCH_PSYCHE_DAILY&utm_source=Aeon+Newsletter&utm_campaign=7cbb0e4875-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_04_06_04_43&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_411a82e59d-7cbb0e4875-69594489
Navigation and spatial awareness sustained humans for tens of thousands of years. Have we lost the trail in modern times?
losingwayfindingskillsancestors